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In C++, the const keyword is a powerful tool for controlling how data is used in your program. It allows you to declare variables, parameters, or return values as “constant,” meaning they cannot be modified after initialization. This is crucial for writing safe, predictable code — especially when passing data to functions. In this post, we’ll explore const in a general sense, using examples with..

In this tutorial, we explore multi-dimensional collections in C++, including multi-dimensional arrays and nested std::vector structures, which are commonly used to represent data in multiple dimensions, such as matrices or grids.Throughout this tutorial, we will:Introduce multi-dimensional C-style arrays and nested std::vector structures.Demonstrate how to declare and use them with basic example..

When you need to save data from your C++ program to a file, ofstream (output file stream) is what you'll use. It's part of the  library and works similarly to writing to the console with cout, but instead sends data to a file.Basic SyntaxFirst, you need to include the right header:#include Creating and using an ofstream has three main steps:Create an ofstream object and open a fileCheck if the f..

This is a beginner-friendly lesson on four key programming ideas: functions, methods, static methods, and constructors. I’ll use the circle and square analogy to make it visual and simple, explain what an object is first, and compare to Python at the end for those familiar with it. No deep OOP yet — just the basics!1. Object (First, for Context)What is an Object?An object is a specific thing in ..

Switch statements and enums are powerful tools in C++ that help you write clean, efficient, and readable decision-making logic. In this tutorial, we’ll explore their syntax, functionality, and practical examples, followed by problems and solutions to reinforce your understanding. 1. Switch StatementThe switch statement allows you to test a variable or expression against multiple cases and execut..

Range-based for loops, introduced in C++11, provide a clean and concise way to iterate over elements in a container (like arrays, vectors, or strings) without needing explicit indices or iterators. They simplify code and make it more readable, especially for beginners. In this tutorial, we’ll explore the syntax, provide examples, and solve common problems to help you master this powerful feature..

1- IntroductionIn previous tutorials, we explored different ways to handle collections in C++. We started with traditional C-style arrays, then introduced the dynamic std::vector, and most recently discussed the modern std::array in cpp_015: STL Array in C++ (https://medium.com/@staytechrich/list/cpp-c-beginner-053ab9a0ecc3).We also examined how these types are passed to functions: C-style array..

IntroductionThe Standard Template Library (STL) array, introduced in C++11, is a fixed-size container that offers a safer and more convenient alternative to traditional C-style arrays. Defined in the header, std::array combines the performance of raw arrays with the benefits of STL containers, such as knowing its own size, bounds checking with certain methods, and compatibility with STL algorit..

IntroductionIn the previous lesson, we explored the differences between arrays and vectors in C++. Now, let’s dive deeper into how to pass arrays and vectors to functions in C++. Passing these data structures to functions is a common task in C++ programming, and understanding the syntax and usage is crucial for writing efficient and modular code.In this lesson, we’ll cover:The syntax for passing..

IntroductionIn one of the previous lessons (cpp_008: for Loops in C++), we covered the basics of for loops, including their syntax and common use cases. In this lesson, we’ll explore different types of for loops in C++, specifically focusing on range-based for loops and reference-based for loops. These loops provide cleaner, more efficient, and safer ways to iterate over collections like arrays,..