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1. IntroductionEncapsulation is a cornerstone of object-oriented programming (OOP) that bundles data (attributes) and the methods that manipulate it into a single unit — a class — while restricting direct access to the data.Think of encapsulation as a secure vault. Inside the vault, you store sensitive items (data) and provide specific tools (methods) to interact with them. Only authorized perso..

Sorting is a fundamental operation in programming, and Python provides the .sort() method to make it easy to sort lists in place. When combined with the key parameter and lambda functions, .sort() becomes a powerful tool for custom sorting. In this tutorial, we’ll explore the traditional approach to sorting, introduce the .sort() method with lambda, and provide examples to solidify your understa..

In the previous lesson, we covered @classmethod.  In this tutorial, we will focus on @staticmethod and understand its role in Python. Static methods do not operate on an instance or the class itself, making them useful for utility functions that logically belong to a class but do not need access to instance or class attributes.1. Regular Methods: Attached to the ClassRegular methods are glued to..

In this lesson, we’ll learn about @classmethod . The @classmethod decorator is a neat feature in Python that lets you define methods tied to a class itself, not just its instances.if you don’t know decorators yet, I have a lesson in Python Intermediate_006: Decorators in Python (https://medium.com/@staytechrich/python-intermediate-006-decorators-in-python-c7c7aaac7c8b) that’ll help you out. Let’..

If you’ve been playing with Python classes, you might’ve heard of “magic methods” — those special methods with double underscores (like __init__). They’re not as mysterious as they sound — they just let you customize how your objects behave. In this post, we’ll cover what they are, why they matter, and give a quick peek at some common ones. Next time, we’ll dig into each one deeper. Let’s get st..

Recursive functions are a powerful programming concept where a function calls itself to solve a problem by breaking it into smaller, similar subproblems. In this tutorial, we’ll explore recursion in depth, starting with the basics and moving on to more complex problems. 1. What Are Recursive Functions?A recursive function solves a problem by calling itself with a modified input, reducing the pro..

Inheritance is a powerful concept in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) that allows a class (called a child class) to inherit attributes and methods from another class (called a parent class). This promotes code reusability and makes it easier to create and maintain complex programs. In this tutorial, we’ll cover inheritance with practical examples. We’ll also explain the role of super() in inher..

Lambda functions, also known as anonymous functions, are a concise way to create small, throwaway functions in Python. They are often used for short, simple operations that are not reused elsewhere in the code. In this tutorial, we’ll cover the syntax of lambda functions, compare them with regular functions, provide examples, and solve problems using both approaches. 1. Syntax of Lambda Function..

In C++, the const keyword is a powerful tool for controlling how data is used in your program. It allows you to declare variables, parameters, or return values as “constant,” meaning they cannot be modified after initialization. This is crucial for writing safe, predictable code — especially when passing data to functions. In this post, we’ll explore const in a general sense, using examples with..

In this tutorial, we explore multi-dimensional collections in C++, including multi-dimensional arrays and nested std::vector structures, which are commonly used to represent data in multiple dimensions, such as matrices or grids.Throughout this tutorial, we will:Introduce multi-dimensional C-style arrays and nested std::vector structures.Demonstrate how to declare and use them with basic example..